Protection of animals in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
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Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Directores: Alejandro Lago Candeira, Carlos Ibero Solana ; Tutor: Alejandro Lago Candeira. Following the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), commerce of species, subspecies, or populations must not be detrimental to their survival; but it does not no mention the potential damage that trade might cause to each individual of the species or populations concerning animal welfare. Besides preventing trade from jeopardizing or being inconsistent with the conservation of biological diversity, this work analyzes to which extent CITES takes into account the protection of animals individually considered as sentient beings and if it would be necessary to propose new instruments that might improve outcomes concerning this issue, either by adding new requirements and/or reinforcing the existing ones. With this purpose, the precedents contained in agreements, conventions, and international standards and their correlations and synergies with CITES have been examined, as well as the appearance in the international scene of the “compassionate conservation” movement, the current references to the protection of animals in CITES and their implementation, the presence of NGOs and of their influential power, and the unacceptable and conflictive situations; and consultations have taken place with the World Customs Organization, the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime and UNEP´s World Conservation Monitoring Centre. It follows from all of this, and in particular from the analysis of the existing texts of the CITES “universe” (Convention, Strategic Vision, Memoranda of Understanding, Resolutions, Decisions, and Notifications to Parties), and of the CITES bodies (Conference of the Parties, Animals Committee, Standing Committee and Secretariat and the cooperation instruments with other international regimes), as well as from the European Union regulations, that, being true that a variety of aspects related to animal welfare and protection exists, gaps have been detected in the scope of the mentioned protection, besides a generalized lack of attention to the implementation of those requirements. For this reason, this work recommends the improvement of the current standards and practices concerning animal protection, the strengthening of its implementation and compliance, the taking into consideration of the impacts of illegal trade in the protection of individual animals, an increase in the cooperation with other international institutions, and the incorporation of new elements and tools that may help prevent weak animal welfare, such as training and education, or to reach a total level of protection through the search of alternatives to the trade of animals and their parts.
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Directores: Alejandro Lago Candeira, Carlos Ibero Solana ; Tutor: Alejandro Lago Candeira. Following the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), commerce of species, subspecies, or populations must not be detrimental to their survival; but it does not no mention the potential damage that trade might cause to each individual of the species or populations concerning animal welfare. Besides preventing trade from jeopardizing or being inconsistent with the conservation of biological diversity, this work analyzes to which extent CITES takes into account the protection of animals individually considered as sentient beings and if it would be necessary to propose new instruments that might improve outcomes concerning this issue, either by adding new requirements and/or reinforcing the existing ones. With this purpose, the precedents contained in agreements, conventions, and international standards and their correlations and synergies with CITES have been examined, as well as the appearance in the international scene of the “compassionate conservation” movement, the current references to the protection of animals in CITES and their implementation, the presence of NGOs and of their influential power, and the unacceptable and conflictive situations; and consultations have taken place with the World Customs Organization, the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime and UNEP´s World Conservation Monitoring Centre. It follows from all of this, and in particular from the analysis of the existing texts of the CITES “universe” (Convention, Strategic Vision, Memoranda of Understanding, Resolutions, Decisions, and Notifications to Parties), and of the CITES bodies (Conference of the Parties, Animals Committee, Standing Committee and Secretariat and the cooperation instruments with other international regimes), as well as from the European Union regulations, that, being true that a variety of aspects related to animal welfare and protection exists, gaps have been detected in the scope of the mentioned protection, besides a generalized lack of attention to the implementation of those requirements. For this reason, this work recommends the improvement of the current standards and practices concerning animal protection, the strengthening of its implementation and compliance, the taking into consideration of the impacts of illegal trade in the protection of individual animals, an increase in the cooperation with other international institutions, and the incorporation of new elements and tools that may help prevent weak animal welfare, such as training and education, or to reach a total level of protection through the search of alternatives to the trade of animals and their parts.