Brazil : a possible symbiotic relationship between the evolution of carbon emissions, energy consumption and economic growth
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Trabajo Fin de Máster en Tecnología Ambiental. Tutores: PhD. José Enrique García Ramos ; PhD. Ángel Mena Nieto. In December 2015, 195 countries adopted the first-ever legally binding global climate deal at Paris Climate Conference (COP21), known as Paris Agreement. Although, the agreement entered into force on November 4th in 2016, it sets out a global action plan to avoid risky climate change by limiting global warming less than to 2°C in the long term. In the Paris Agreement, Brazil plays a crucial role due to the fact that it has the ninth largest economy in the world, an important relationship with its neighbors in South America, a population exceeding 200 million people, and covers practically the entire Amazon Rainforest. These are some of the reasons that explain why Brazil has pledged to cut down greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions by 37 per cent by 2025, and 43 per cent by 2030, compared to 2005 levels. The development of a country, especially Brazil, requires appropriate and realistic policies to current and changing demands. In this way, it is fundamental to achieve not only a secure but also a consistent environmental planning for the energy sector and GDP growth. Within this context, this study proposes a model of economic growth, carbon emissions and sustainable development for Brazil. This work applies to the period 1971-2030, using the methodology proposed by Robalino-López (2014), based on a GDP formation approach, which includes the effect of renewable energies. A historical data, from 1971 to 2012, and a forecast period of 18 years have been considered for testing four different economic scenarios. Our predictions show that the scenario which corresponds to a heavy GDP increase can have the same value of CO2 emissions as a scenario in which the GDP increases modestly if appropriate changes in the renewable energy and energy intensity are promoted. The final conclusion of this work suggests that Brazil goals at the COP21 are extremely ambitious, and it is likely the Brazilian targets will not be achieved. In any case, the Brazilian mitigation program for carbon emissions should be continued to benefit everyone.
Trabajo Fin de Máster en Tecnología Ambiental. Tutores: PhD. José Enrique García Ramos ; PhD. Ángel Mena Nieto. In December 2015, 195 countries adopted the first-ever legally binding global climate deal at Paris Climate Conference (COP21), known as Paris Agreement. Although, the agreement entered into force on November 4th in 2016, it sets out a global action plan to avoid risky climate change by limiting global warming less than to 2°C in the long term. In the Paris Agreement, Brazil plays a crucial role due to the fact that it has the ninth largest economy in the world, an important relationship with its neighbors in South America, a population exceeding 200 million people, and covers practically the entire Amazon Rainforest. These are some of the reasons that explain why Brazil has pledged to cut down greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions by 37 per cent by 2025, and 43 per cent by 2030, compared to 2005 levels. The development of a country, especially Brazil, requires appropriate and realistic policies to current and changing demands. In this way, it is fundamental to achieve not only a secure but also a consistent environmental planning for the energy sector and GDP growth. Within this context, this study proposes a model of economic growth, carbon emissions and sustainable development for Brazil. This work applies to the period 1971-2030, using the methodology proposed by Robalino-López (2014), based on a GDP formation approach, which includes the effect of renewable energies. A historical data, from 1971 to 2012, and a forecast period of 18 years have been considered for testing four different economic scenarios. Our predictions show that the scenario which corresponds to a heavy GDP increase can have the same value of CO2 emissions as a scenario in which the GDP increases modestly if appropriate changes in the renewable energy and energy intensity are promoted. The final conclusion of this work suggests that Brazil goals at the COP21 are extremely ambitious, and it is likely the Brazilian targets will not be achieved. In any case, the Brazilian mitigation program for carbon emissions should be continued to benefit everyone.