CITES Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://dspace.unia.es/handle/10334/3897

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 44

Trabajo académico
A roadmap towards a non-detriment finding for Pterocarpus erinaceus in Sierra Leone
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2023) Kellie, Sahr Josiah; Kellie, Sahr Josiah
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutoras: Dra. Margarita África Clemente Muñoz ; Isabel Camarena. Developing a roadmap towards a Non-Detriment Finding for Pterocarpus erinaceus in Sierra Leone is viewed as a critical and timely intervention for Sierra Leone and other range state who may want to conduct a NDF for the above-named species and other CITES's listed species. It should serve as a guide, steps and directive that could help in the development of a non-detriment finding for the sustainable harvesting and exportation of Pterocarpus erinaceus in accordance with recommendations under Review of Significant Trade (RST) process in line with Resolution Conf. 12.8 (Rev. CoP18). The goal of this research intervention was to develop a roadmap that can inform the development of a non-detriment findings on Pterocarpus erinaceus in Sierra Leone and other range state. This roadmap is applicable to any other CITES’ listed Species. To this end, the specific objectives were: 1. Conduct a systematic review of existing knowledge on ecology, trade volumes, threats, and legislation on P. erinaceus in Sierra Leone. 2. Establish progress and constraints in implementing recommendations for sustainable management of P. erinaceus from previous studies, and from CITES; and 3. Define a roadmap towards producing NDFs for P. erinaceus in Sierra Leone and improve compliance with CITES. To get the desired result expected, a diversified research tools and, methodologies were used including desk review, checklist and questionnaire design approach supported by field visit and observation of the areas where the species is found, review of data on trade volume from internet and CITES trade database. It further shifted to review of previous inventory work and maps to serve as guide in the selection of the study area. etc. Based upon the research findings and literature works reviewed, it was noted that the species in question is indeed harvested without reference to size, height etc. The roadmap shows the above component as missing links for a Non-Detriment finding for Pterocarpus erinaceus. No documented research work has ever been conducted in this country on this species to show the species spread, local use, threats, facing it. The only documented but unpublished academic research work that was conducted by Foray-Musa was not detailed enough to capture the species’ location, spread, characteristics or threats.
Trabajo académico
Analyse des dispositifs de controle et de detection des exportations illicites des specimens de faune au niveau des postes frontaliers en Republique du Congo
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2022) Atsoumpari Ngakabi, Letycia Adeline; Atsoumpari Ngakabi, Letycia Adeline
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutor: Averti Ifo. Pour lutter contre la criminalité faunique, le Gouvernement de la République du Congo s’est engagé à mettre en oeuvre les mesures spécifiques pour la protection de la faune sauvage. Malgré les efforts consentis, on note des défaillances au niveau de ses postes frontaliers qui se traduisent par des saisies effectuées au niveau international. D’où l’importance de cette étude, qui a eu pour objectif de faire l’analyse des dispositifs de contrôle des exportations illicites des spécimens de faune sauvage au niveau des postes frontaliers. Les méthodes utilisées sont axées sur la recherche documentaire et la conduite des enquêtes au niveau des aéroports internationaux de Maya-Maya et d’Agostino Neto, les Ports fluvial de Brazzaville et Maritime de Pointe-Noire, ainsi les zones de conservation situées dans les limites des frontières internationales. L’enquête a porté sur un échantillon de cinquante-six (56) personnes au sein des structures susmentionnées. L’état des lieux a montré que six grandes saisies composées en majorité des pointes d’ivoire soit 83 % contre 17% des écailles de pangolin, ont été effectuées au niveau des aéroports étrangers, dont la plupart sont les pays d’Asie (66%). Les enquêtes menées sur le terrain ont indiqué que 66,07% personnes disposent des notions sur la CITES, dont 48,21 % relève des eaux et forêts. Les résultats ont montré que les structures enquêtées sont confrontées à un déficit budgétaire et qu’il existe un faible niveau de collaboration entre elles. Il ressort également que seuls les aéroports et les ports fluvial et maritime sont dotés des scanners et des portiques. Les contrôles au niveau des zones de conservation se font à travers les fouilles manuelles.
Trabajo académico
An analysis of CITES implementation in Trinidad and Tobago
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2019) Mahabir, David; Mahabir, David
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutores: Dr. Yula Kapetanakos ; Mr. Mark Gibson (PhD Student). This study used expert interviewing (n=22) to provide the first comprehensive assessment on the implementation of CITES in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). T&T became a Party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 1984. However, T&T’s government agencies tasked with implementing CITES has faced numerous obstacles when trying to manage the illegal wildlife trade, many of which need to be addressed. Expert interviewing was used to acquire the data supported; a semi-structured questionnaire was distributed among experts wholly or any part thereof in the field of flora and fauna management, protection and conservation. The results were acquired by summarizing and coding the expert personnel responses to the questions posed. This work was further supplemented with a policy gap analysis of implementation documents, the proposed T&T CITES legislation, roles and functions of the Management and Scientific Authority of T&T and an analysis of CITES traded flora and fauna. The ultimate objective of this research is to make recommendations to guide the Government of the Republic of T&T (GoRTT) so they can have a strong institutional framework for co-ordinated planning and law enforcement operations, which are prerequisites for regulated trade (Eid,2010). The results of the study indicate that there are widely-recognized needs for training in CITES, a lack of communication from the T&T CITES Management Authority to other agencies, a lack of funding to purchase tools and equipment, and a lack of development of CITES implementing legislation.
Trabajo académico
Analysis of regeneration by coppicing of Dalbergia stevensonii in Belize
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2019) Valdez, Mercedes Antonia; Valdez, Mercedes Antonia
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutores: Dr. Percival Cho, Dra. Patricia De Angelis. Dalbergia stevensonii is a tropical timber species with a limited distribution range. Its unsustainable harvest for the musical industry and furniture production has led to a reduction of 55% of the commercial stock in Belize. The species is protected by the CITES and its research is needed to have an effective Non-detriments findings process. In order to ensure its sustainable trade, research on its regeneration is needed. Coppicing is one mechanism but has been understudied for this species. The aim of this research is to investigate if regeneration by coppicing is an important source of recruitment for the species. A total of eight inventory plots assessed for coppicing during the 2014 population assessment in the Toledo District were reassessed. Results showed no significant relationship between resprouting viability and stump height and diameter. Survival of the most dominant resprout per stump varied. Although no significant effect of light on resprout growth was observed, high mortality of resprouts and a decrease in the heights of the most dominant resprouts per stump, when compared to the 2014 assessment data, was evident. Long-term monitoring of resprouts by long term licensees and the Belize Forest Department is recommended in order to determine if coppicing is a major source of regeneration for this commercially important species.
Trabajo académico
Analyzing the role of capacity building in strengthening coordination and collaboration among CITES stakeholders in Ghana
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2023) Abeka-Mensah, Bridget; Abeka-Mensah, Bridget
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutores: Dr. Kwakye Ameyaw ; Michael Balinga. The study examined the effectiveness of capacity building as a tool for strengthening coordination and collaboration among CITES stakeholders for an efficient implementation of CITES in Ghana. The study specifically assessed the existing policy and institutional framework put in place by the Management Authority for collaborative wildlife resource management and its related implementation challenges and examined the past training programs in terms of training needs assessment conducted prior to the training, qualification and experience of resource persons, curricula, and methods of delivery. The study found out the views of previous workshop participants about the training package in terms of course content, duration, method of delivery and the extent to which the outcome of the training has influenced the working relationship among the stakeholders and the Management Authority, and verify from the stakeholders who have benefited from the capacity building programs, mechanism they have put in place to ensure coordination and collaboration among themselves and the Management Authority and related Challenges. The methodology used for data collection involved search for relevant literature, document analysis of past training reports, face-to-face interviews, and the use of survey guides. The results of the study indicated that there is no policy, formal process, or mechanism other than ad hoc cooperation which is usually initiated by a phone call and joint export examination by Wildlife officers at the airport and other stakeholders. However, communication between customs officers stationed at the Kotoka International Airport and the Wildlife Division has improved due the CITES training programmes carried out in Ghana. The study observed further that there was lack of CITES training for stakeholder staff stationed at the two main seaports in the country, the various land borders, wildlife exporters and the Scientific Authority. Against the background of the findings, the study recommends that a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) should be signed between relevant CITES Stakeholders and the wildlife Division to define roles and communication networks.
Trabajo académico
Assessing awareness amongst critical stakeholders on the CITES implementation in Nigeria
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2019) John, Timothy Daniel; John, Timothy Daniel
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Directora/¨Tutora: Dra. Margarita África Clemente Muñoz. Nigeria signed and ratified Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 1974 and 1975 respectively with this, Nigeria is obligated to the responsibilities of implementing all relevant texts of the Convention in Nigeria. Therefore assessing the level of awareness in the wildlife management and CITES implementation in Nigeria is a key factor to determine if CITES can be effectively or efficiently implemented in Nigeria. This study provides the basic assessment on the level of awareness in CITES management against the critical stakeholders which are amongst others; Government Agencies; Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs); Customs Service; International Criminal Police Organisation (INTERPOL); Shippers’ Council; Nigeria Port Authority (NPA); Airlines; Postal Services; Academia; Botanical Gardens; Pharmaceutical Companies; Hunters; Politicians, Zoological Gardens and Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria (FAAN). The level of CITES awareness was determined using the questionnaire to the Critical Stakeholders, with person-to-person contact as well as workshop aimed at creating awareness. 200 questionnaires in all were sent out to the critical stakeholders. The data collected were analysed statistically. Raising awareness on CITES implementation in Nigeria should be the first step to mainstream wildlife management into the different sectors of government and NGOs. Therefore conserved effort on creation of awareness amongst critical stakeholders are very necessary to gain more support in the management of wildlife and CITES implementation in Nigeria, long term planning, integration of CITES/wildlife education into schools curricula at all levels of education, encouraging participation of all relevant stakeholders and change of attitudes and behaviour in the conservation of wildlife in Nigeria will definitely enhance awareness creation in Nigeria. This study therefore assessed the awareness and perception of stakeholders towards conservation of species with the aim of making recommendations on the need to conserve species to prevent extinction. The findings revealed that the level of awareness amongst Critical Stakeholders (CSH) is suboptimal. Gaps were identified which call for urgent attention.
Trabajo académico
Assessing gaps in awareness, knowledge, and capacity of CITES implementation within Zanzibar's enforcement agencies
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2023) Salmin, Abdul-latif Ibrahim; Salmin, Abdul-latif Ibrahim
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutor: Dr. Janemary Augustino Ntalwila. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international treaty aimed at protecting endangered species from overexploitation due to international trade. However, the effective implementation of CITES regulations relies heavily on the capacity of enforcement agencies. This study assesses the gaps in awareness, knowledge, and capacity of CITES implementation within Zanzibar’s enforcement agencies. The findings show a lack of awareness and knowledge of CITES regulations among enforcement officers in Zanzibar, with only 30% of respondents aware of the regulations and 25% knowledgeable about them. Furthermore, the capacity for CITES implementation in Zanzibar is limited, with only 20% of enforcement agencies having adequate staff, and only 10% having adequate resources and infrastructure. The study recommends regular and comprehensive training programs, capacity building, collaboration with other agencies, and public awareness campaigns to address the gaps in awareness, knowledge, and capacity of CITES implementations within Zanzibar’s enforcement agencies. Addressing these gaps is crucial for effective implementation of CITES regulations in Zanzibar and the protection and conservation of endangered species.
Trabajo académico
Assessing garcinia afzelii harvest and trade : case study of Southeast Liberia
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2023) Tally, Ben B.; Tally, Ben B.
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutores: Dr. Johnson J. Geply ; Dr. Seyni Abdoul-Aziz. Garcinia afzelii is a polygamous evergreen tree species that belongs to the family Clusiaceae. Its geographic range extends across Central and West tropical Africa, mainly, in Nigeria, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea. There are special biotic chemicals contained in Garcinia afzelii for which it is highly desirable for trade. The tree species has been assessed by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2013 and is categorized as Vulnerable due to its decline in the wild as a result of extraction and overexploitation. The study was carried out in Southeast Liberia with the general objective to analyze and map the areas of Garcinia afzelii harvest and trade. Four counties in Southeast Liberia, namely Grand Gedeh, Grand Kru, River Gee, and Sinoe were purposively selected for data collection based on important harvest sites, accessibility to towns, and the number of actors in the value chain of Garcinia afzelii. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools were used to gather data from transporters, traditional leaders, Forestry Development Authority (FDA) staff, Police, immigration officers, and Liberia Revenue Authority (LRA) agents. Key questions were asked in the study that addressed the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the major actors in the value chain, trade regulations, and the role played by local communities in the harvest of Garcinia afzelii. A total of 225 individuals (203 harvesters and 22 traders) were sampled in 17 communities across Southeast Liberia. For the majority of the harvesters, 115 (56.7%) age range was found between 18 to 35 years and followed by 81 (39.9%) who have an age range between 36 to 50 years. 7 (3.5%) of the harvesters have attained 50 years and above. 142 (70%) of the total harvesters interviewed are self-employed. The general overview of the harvesters’ level of education from the results revealed 51.7% have attained elementary education, 30.5% with junior high education, 16.3% with senior high-level education, and 1.5% obtained no education. 14.8% of the harvesters generate their income from the sale of Garcinia afzelii. Key to addressing gender aspects in the value chain of Garcinia afzelii, women’s involvement was addressed. Women’s involvement comes at the town leadership level where they play a vital role in regulating the harvest and having opinions on the determination of the Garcinia afzelii round pole price. A total of 17 focus group discussions were held where women constituted 6% of the total 127 respondents. Income generated from Garcinia afzelii sale by both the harvesters and traders is used for health, feeding, small trade, and education. Despite the FDA has promulgated the National Forestry Reform Law of 2006 which provides guidelines for the use, management, and protection of forest resources, there is increasing demand for Garcinia afzelii coupled with a lack of proper monitoring and enforcement of the harvest and trade regulations. Recommendations include more awareness raising for local communities on harvest and trade guidelines for Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and the FDA and the Community Forest Management Board need to coordinate to promote effective enforcement measures to regulate the harvest and trade of Garcinia afzelii.
Trabajo académico
Assessing natural regeneration of Pterocarpus erinaceus in Kiang West National Park, The Gambia
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2023) Sanneh, Omar; Sanneh, Omar
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutor: Dr. Alagie Bah. Forests are a vital component of the earth’s ecosystem, providing wide range of essential ecosystem goods and services that contribute to livelihoods, climate protection and biodiversity conservation. Over the past couple of decades, The Gambia has experienced drastic degradation of its forest cover, mainly due to illegal logging, wildfires, drought, overgrazing, and the spread of competitive species. Pterocarpus erinaceus is under severe threat due to illegal and unsustainable logging, leading to current suspension of its trade from The Gambia by CITES. In 2019, the Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) project implemented Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) in a 900-ha area in Kiang West National Park (KWNP) as a low-cost alternative to natural forest regeneration. This study aims to determine the impact of ANR on stands of Pterocarpus erinaceus in KWNP. Vegetation data measurements showing growth of mother tree and wildlings were conducted in four subplots at the EbA project ANR implementation areas. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was conducted with staff of KWNP and the management committees of communities adjacent to the park. The findings of the study revealed that on average Pterocarpus erinaceus tree density in the ANR plots increased by 100% from 36 trees/ha in 2019 to 72/ha in 2023. In contrast, wildlings density in ANR plots decreased by 44% from 64 trees/ha to 36 tree/ha. The findings also identified fire, overgrazing, illegal logging, termite infestation and drought as the main drivers of degradation in the park. The noticeable increment in the population of Pterocarpus erinaceus trees in the study plots implies the effectiveness of ANR as a low-cost landscape restoration strategy being implemented by the EbA project.
Trabajo académico
Assessing the administrative and governance challenges in the implementation of CITES law enforcement in Sapo National Park in Liberia
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2019) Ricks, Boima Z.; Ricks, Boima Z.
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Directora: Dra. Mercedes Núñez Román ; Tutor: Mr. Antonio Galilea Jiménez. The Convention (CITES) is a global call to safeguard the world’s flora and fauna from anthropogenic actions with concerns about the depletion of biological diversity. Globally, biodiversity are under immense pressure from human activities including illegal mining, hunting, and trade in ivory and so forth. As a country rich in forest resources, Liberia signed unto CITES since 1981 to aid the fight against the threats on its biodiversity. Despite this effort, the threats on Liberia’s biodiversity still exist with actions needed. Established in 1983, Sapo National Park (SNP) is biologically rich and contains some of the Country’s endemic and rare species. Yet, the Park is under huge threats from human activities, something that has caught global attention. This thesis assessed the administrative and governance challenges in managing the SNP and how the potential challenges affect Liberia’s compliance with CITES regulations. It employed both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies: desk r/review of existing reports, administered questionnaires, field visit to 6 SNP communities and held Focal Group Discussions (FGDs) and a stakeholder workshop in Monrovia. This study found that SNP is being faced with numerous administrative and governance challenges. FDA human capacity at the SNP is limited to actually manage and control illegal entries within the 180,400 hectares of the Park. The Government of Liberia (GoL) budgetary allotment to FDA is relatively insufficient thereby affecting conservation activities. Additionally, SNP has infrastructural and logistical limitations. Inadequate law enforcement training for park rangers is also a challenge at SNP. Moreover, there are limited alternative livelihood options around the Park which mostly lead to illegal activities within the SNP. Increasing population around the SNP is one of the management challenges being faced as demand is placed on the natural environment to provide goods and services to sustain people.
Trabajo académico
Assessing the level of awareness of relevant CITES stakeholders in Ghana
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2019) Koomson, Mercy; Koomson, Mercy
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutor: Dr. Kwakye Ameyaw ; Cotutora: Mercedes Núñez Román. The research was carried out within CITES operational areas in Ghana with the view to investigating the level of awareness of all relevant stakeholders of CITES in Ghana for any existing knowledge gap to be addressed in order to engender an effective awareness creation system to facilitate CITES implementation in Ghana. Specifically, the four-fold objectives were intended to assess the knowledge base and level of awareness of relevant stakeholders on CITES, broaden the stakeholder base and their roles in CITES implementation, examine existing mechanisms for awareness creation on CITES and identify challenges associated with awareness creation among relevant CITES stakeholders in Ghana and finally, solicit relevant stakeholders’ inputs on how to address identifiable challenges associated with awareness creation for CITES implementation in Ghana. The methodology used for data collection included an initial review of existing literature on CITES, the use of purposive sampling method to identify the relevant stakeholders, the use of questionnaires and interview guides to solicit identifiable stakeholders’ views on various agencies that could potentially qualify as stakeholders on CITES to contribute towards effective awareness creation, existing awareness creation mechanisms and challenges associated with them and how to address these challenges to improve upon awareness creation for effective CITES implementation in Ghana.. Finally, the CITES Trade database was analyzed to know the effect of awareness creation on wildlife trade in Ghana. Results of the study revealed among other things that, most of the relevant stakeholders interviewed had inadequate knowledge on CITES and that the number of years spent on their jobs as stakeholders did not necessarily reflect on their knowledge levels. The results further revealed that additional potential CITES stakeholders are available to be deployed from existing state regulatory institutions to help improve on CITES awareness creation in Ghana. Similarly, respondents were unanimous on the need for the number of scientific authorities to be increased to facilitate research to promote CITES information for dissemination to stakeholders. In its generality, there was a consensus on the urgent need for a comprehensive awareness creation strategy be developed and enforced to help improve on the level of awareness of stakeholders on CITES issues in Ghana.
Trabajo académico
Assessment of CITES awareness in the United States of America and subsequent development of a social media education strategy to increase understanding of the CITES mission and related shark conservation
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2023) Bradley, Georgienne Elizabeth; Bradley, Georgienne Elizabeth
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutor: Carlos L. de la Rosa. Despite the importance of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), it is unclear how much the general population of the United States of America (US) knows of its existence or its role in conserving endangered species. This study assessed the knowledge and attitudes of the US general population regarding CITES and shark conservation using survey and attitudinal methodology. A survey instrument and process were designed to collect and analyze data to test the hypothesis that the majority of the general US population is not aware of what the treaty is, what it does and does not do, and how shark conservation is integrated into the treaty. With a response rate of 51%, a total of 521 participants were included in the survey. Less than 4% of the sample US population was familiar with CITES, revealing significant knowledge gaps regarding the existence and importance of the core principles of the Convention. Social media’s reach and accessibility across the US affords an opportunity to address this dearth of CITES awareness. This study investigated best practices for developing and presenting a social media conservation education strategy, with sharks as the focal charismatic species. Based upon the survey results, social media education models were created that demonstrated how to educate and inform the US public about the critical role of CITES in conservation. It's essential to educate the US public about the treaty's crucial role in conservation as this could increase their support for CITES policies and the leaders engaged at the forefront of species protection.
Trabajo académico
Avis de commerce non prejudiciable, un atout mejeur pour le developpement et le suivi des speces menacees au Gabon : cas du "Guibourtia tessmannii"
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2023) Mibambani Ndimba, Aimé Serge; Mibambani Ndimba, Aimé Serge
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutores: Alfred Ngomanda ; Dr. Donald Midoko Iponga. Le Gabon regorge cinq espèces de Kévazingo (Guibourtia) à savoir : Guibourtia demeusei (Harms) J.Léonard, Guibourtia tessmannii (Harms) J.Léonard, Guibourtia pellegriniana J.Léonard, Guibourtia ehie (A.Chev.) J.Léonard, et Guibourtia arnoldiana. Des questions en rapport avec la surexploitation des espèces du genre Guibourtia ont été relevées ces 10 dernières années. Des quantités importantes des produits à base de trois espèces de Guibourtia à savoir le Guibourtia demeusei, le Guibourtia tessmannii et le Guibourtia pellegriniana ont été exportées en Asie et en Europe. A cause de leur forte valeur sur le marché international, un trafic illicite avéré sur les espèces appelées communément Kévazingo (G.tessmanii et G. pellegriniana) a conduit le gouvernement gabonais à la prise d’une série de mesures ayant abouti à l’inscription en annexe II de la CITES. Ces travaux qui aboutissent à la formulation d’une proposition d’un avis de commerce non préjudiciable pour le G. tessmanii constituent une étape fondamentale pour une commercialisation suivie et maitrisée par le gouvernement gabonais. Mais le problème de la connaissance de nos ressources par le billet des études scientifiques demeure. Sur un total de 74 concessions forestières choisies sur la terre ferme et correspondant à une partie de l’aire de distribution du G. tessmanii séparé de l’aire de distribution de G. peligriniana, seules les données de 15 concessions ont permis d’aboutir aux calculs des quotas annuels. Pour le reste des concessions, il faudra poursuivre la collecte des informations nécessaires. Il ressort pour ces quinze concessions, un quota annuel moyen de 924, 387046 m3.
Trabajo académico
CITES (Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres)
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2015) Mulà Arribas, Anna; Mulà Arribas, Anna
Trabajo fin de Máster Propio. Directores: Alejandro Lago Candeira, Carlos Ibero Solana ; Tutor: Alejandro Lago Candeira. Según la Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres (CITES), el comercio de las especies, subespecies o poblaciones, debe ser no perjudicial para su supervivencia, pero no hace mención al potencial perjuicio que causa el comercio en términos de bienestar animal de cada individuo que conforman dichas especies. Ademas de evitar que el comercio ponga en peligro o sea incompatible con la conservación de la diversidad biológica, en este trabajo se estudia en qué medida CITES toma en consideración la protección de los animales considerados individualmente como seres sentientes y si resulta necesario proponer nuevos instrumentos de mejora en este campo, ya sea añadiendo nuevos requisitos y/o reforzando la aplicación de los existentes. Para ello, se han examinado los precedentes contenidos en los acuerdos, convenios y estandares internacionales y su correlación y sinergia con CITES, la aparición en la escena internacional del movimiento de “la conservación compasiva”, las referencias actuales sobre protección de los animales en CITES y su aplicación, la presencia de ONG y su capacidad de influencia, las situaciones consideradas inaceptables así como las conflictivas, y se ha consultado adicionalmente a la Organización Mundial de Aduanas, al Consorcio Internacional para combatir los delitos contra la vida silvestre y al Centro de Monitoreo para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente. De todo ello, y especialmente del analisis de los textos existentes del “universo” CITES (Convención, Visión Estratégica, Memorandos de Entendimiento, Resoluciones, Decisiones y Notificaciones a las Partes) y de la actividad de los organismos de CITES (Conferencia de las Partes, Comité de Fauna, Comité Permanente y Secretaría y la cooperación con otros organismos internacionales), así como de la Reglamentación de la Unión Europea, se desprende que si bien existen numerosos aspectos relacionados con la protección y el bienestar de los animales, se han detectado vacíos en el alcance de dicha protección, así como una falta de atención generalizada en el cumplimiento de estos requerimientos. Por este motivo, este trabajo recomienda la mejora de los estandares y practicas actuales con repercusión en la protección de los animales, un fortalecimiento de la aplicación, observancia y cumplimiento, la toma en consideración de las repercusiones del comercio ilegal en la protección de los individuos, una mayor cooperación con otros organismos internacionales y la incorporación de nuevos elementos y herramientas que contribuyan a impedir un pobre bienestar, como la formación y educación, o conseguir una total protección mediante la búsqueda de alternativas al comercio de animales y sus partes.
Trabajo académico
Conservation and management of the Nile crocodile "Crocodylus niloticus" in Uganda, a case study of Lake Victoria and Victoria Nile River at Murchison Falls National Park
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2023) Amanya, Samuel; Amanya, Samuel
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutores: Dr. Rodrigo A. Medellin ; Dr. Christopher Bakuneeta. The study focused on the conservation and management of C.nilotus in Uganda, in one protected habitat Murchison Falls National, and non-protected Lake Victoria. The study aimed at determining the C. niloticus population status, nature and extent of human-crocodile conflict and challenges facing the ranching program regulated by CITES. During the study, day and night spotlight counts were carried out in both habitats, as well as a survey of human-crocodile conflict targeting the victims and residents. Local communities were interviewed to obtain indigenous knowledge on C. niloticus conservation and management. Key informant interviews were conducted with authorities and the ranching company. Spotlight survey revealed 1,102 crocodiles in Murchison Falls National Park in a ratio of 1.5:1:2.5 for juveniles, sub-adults and adults, respectively. Also, 210 C.niloticus from Lake Victoria were estimated from direct observations collaborated with community interviews. There were 310 human crocodile attacks recorded from around L. Victoria and 32 incidents from the MFNP. The significant factors that collaborated in this conflict were ethnicity, age, sex, marital status, education, and water-based livelihood activities such as fishing and fetching water for domestic use. Ranching is largely affected by limited eggs and technology to increase outputs. The results of this study point to the need to increase capture and conversion of problem crocodiles to breeding stock for eggs to support ranching, as well as ensure continuous species monitoring. Uganda mahy with CITES provisions if there is continuous monitoring and reporting on all aspects of crocodile ranching as provided under resolution Conf. 11.16.
Trabajo académico
Contraintes et opportunites d'amelioration du circuit de commercialisations du perroquet (Poicephalus senegalus), (Linnaeus, 1766) au Senegal
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2023) Plea, Rokhaya; Plea, Rokhaya
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutores: Dr. Rowan O. Martin; M. Sonko Abba. Le Sénégal dispose de quarante-quatre (44) espèces d’oiseaux menacés (IUCN,2019), dont le Poicephalus senegalus. Dans un souci de conservation de sa biodiversité, le Sénégal a adopté une multitude d’outils juridiques tels la Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d'extinction (CITES). C’est dans ce cadre que ce travail est entrepris pour étudier les contraintes et opportunités d’amélioration du circuit de commercialisation de Poicephalus senegalus au Sénégal. Il vise à caractériser la filière perroquet (Poicephalus senegalus), à dégager les contraintes de l’exploitation des spécimens de l’espèce et à proposer des options pour améliorer la filière de commercialisation de l’espèce. La démarche a consisté à faire, d’abord une revue documentaire et une inspection technique sur le terrain permettant de bien cerner la problématique. Ensuite il a été utilisé des fiches d’enquêtes auprès d’un échantillon de quarante (40) acteurs ; cela a été complété par un guide d’entretien à l’intention du Chef de l’organe de gestion CITES, de l’Autorité scientifique et du Chef de service vétérinaire. Les résultats obtenus à partir de la cartographie, des enquêtes et des observations directes montrent qu’il y a trois acteurs et les spécimens commercialises proviennent des zones de terroir. Les revenus tirés avoisinent le salaire mensuel d’un travailleur sénégalais. Les résultats d’études indiquent que les ramasseurs font environ quinze (15) jours en brousse et que le taux de mortalité de 3 à 5% enregistré chez les oiseleurs est due au long trajet et au mode de conditionnement des spécimens de Poicephalus senegalus par les collecteurs. En plus seules trois compagnies acceptent de les embarquer pour expédition. La contrainte majeure est la présence de la maladie de la grippe aviaire qui est présente au niveau national et qui pousse les pays importateurs à être réticents. Concernant les mesures à prendre, il est utile d’harmoniser les prix, de former les acteurs sur les législations et de les motiver à pratiquer l’élevage en captivité. Dans une perspective d’améliorer le commerce de Poicephalus senegalus il a été recommandé de suivre les prélèvements, de veiller sur la disponibilité du registre d’entrée et de sortie des oiseaux, d’établir un plan de gestion de l’espèce Poicephalus senegalus et d’inciter les acteurs à faire l’élevage en captivité vu que certains pays portent leur choix sur ces spécimens.
Trabajo académico
Contribution à la connaissance du commerce international de Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir (Fabaceae) au Togo, espèce végétale inscrite aux annexes de CITES
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2019) Yawo, Komi; Yawo, Komi
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutor: Atsu Kutzo Guelly. Cette étude porte sur le commerce international de Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir (Fabaceae) au Togo, espèce végétale inscrite aux Annexes de CITES et a pour objectif général de contribuer au renforcement de la protection de l’espèce au Togo. Plus spécifiquement, l’étude vise à appréhender l’impact des principales catégories d’usages (commerce international et la consommation locale en bois d’oeuvre et bois énergie) sur l’état de conservation du Pterocarpus erinaceus au Togo et à faire des propositions de mesures pour une exploitation de l’espèce suivant les normes de la CITES. L’étude est faite sur la base des données collectées à partir des documents d’exploitation forestière délivrés au Togo de 2009 à 2018, des documents de planification du ministère de l’environnement, du développement durable et de la protection de la nature, des mémoires, des publications et articles scientifiques traitant des questions relatives au Pterocarpus erinaceus et des données collectées sur le terrain auprès de 1000 usagers toutes catégories socio professionnelles confondues dans les cinq régions économiques du pays. Il ressort de l’analyse des données collectées qu’un volume total annuel 487 984 m3 de bois de Pterocarpus erinaceus est produit sur le territoire national et destiné à la consommation locale sous forme de produits de sciage (994,5 m3) et sous forme de bois énergie : bois de feu (157 131 m3) et charbon de bois (329 858 m3). Cette consommation est inférieure au seuil du potentiel utilisable de l’espèce. La quantité de bois de Pterocarpus erinaceus produite annuellement sur le territoire national et destiné au commerce international est estimé à 5 521 m3. Ajoutée à la consommation locale, cette quantité entraîne le dépassement du potentiel utilisable de l’espèce, occasionnant ainsi son épuisement. Le commerce international des produits de Pterocarpus erinaceus impacte négativement l’état de conservation de l’espèce au Togo. Vue l’importance économique et écologique du Pterocarpus erinaceus, les mesures suivantes sont proposées pour réduire la pression sur l’espèce et promouvoir son exploitation durable au Togo : - élaborer des outils de gestion du Pterocarpus erinaceus, - élaborer des outils de mise en oeuvre de la CITES, - renforcer les capacités des institutions de mise en oeuvre de la CITES et - renforcer la coopération nationale et internationale.
Trabajo académico
Contribution à la mise en place d’un dispositif national de lutte contre la criminalité faunique au Niger : cas des vautours du Niger
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2023) Saley Baouna, Arfou; Saley Baouna, Arfou
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutor: Dr. Abdoul-Aziz Seyni. Le succès de la lutte contre la criminalité liée aux espèces sauvages à l’échelle nationale et même sous-régionale dépendra de la capacité de chaque acteur concerné à faire appliquer efficacement la loi. Cette étude qui a pour objectif de déterminer des mécanismes efficaces de lutte contre la criminalité liée aux espèces sauvages pour une meilleure conservation des vautours au Niger a permis de conduire des enquêtes auprès des acteurs cibles dans le but de recueillir leur niveau de perception sur la question. Il s’agit des communautés locales riveraines des aires de distribution des vautours de la zone expérimentale (bouchers, tradipraticiens), des agents chargés du contrôle (Eaux et Forêts, Police Nationale, Douane Nationale) et des cadres de la justice (Procureur, juge). La méthode d’échantillonnage boule neige a permis d’enquêter au total 111 personnes. Des visites de sites abritant des espèces de vautours ont été également conduites pour faire des observations sur les vautours et leur habitat. L’étude a ressortie l’identification de deux espèces de vautour observé directement dans leur habitat naturel (dans leur nid, en vol ou sur un point d’eau). Il s’agit des espèces : Gyps rueppelli et Neophron percnopterus. En revanche, 78% des personnes enquêtées sur la question affirme qu’il a y quelques années les vautours communs sont observées aux alentours des agglomération et des abattoirs mais deviennent rare de nos jours. Les espèces sauvages dont les vautours sont menacés par le braconnage, l’exploitation illégale, le commerce illégal voir de trafic transnational, selon l’étude. Cependant, il existe au Niger plusieurs textes réglementaires permettant la lutte contre ces pratiques illégales relatives aux espèces sauvages dont, 95% des cadres des Eaux et Forêts atteste connaitre ces textes. En revanche, 44% des cadres de la Police Nationale enquêtés affirme ne pas connaitre l’existence de ces textes réglementaires. Un taux de 75% des acteurs enquêtés (toutes incorporation confondues) n’ont jamais bénéficié d’une capacitation sur la lutte contre la criminalité liée aux espèces sauvages. L’étude a également montré plusieurs cas d’infraction lié aux espèces sauvages dont les contrevenants ont été sanctionné par la saisie, la confiscation des produits la garde à vue et le payement d’une amende. Aussi, selon les enquêtes auprès des agents chargés du contrôle, les spécimens des espèces sauvages commercialisés contrôlés proviennent du Nigeria, du Cameroun, du Tchad et de la Centrafrique (21% des enquêtés), 25% affirme que ces produits proviennent de l’intérieur du Niger. 33% des répondants affirment ne pas connaitre la provenance ni la destination en fin 22% atteste que ces produits prennent la direction de la Lybie, l’Algérie et le Nigeria.
Trabajo académico
Drafting of a non-detriment finding : case of Hippopotamus Amphybius in Cameroon
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2023) Ntere Etoundi, Faustin John Paul; Ntere Etoundi, Faustin John Paul
Trabajo Fin de Máster Propio. Tutores: Dra. Karen Gaynor ; Michael Philippe Bessike Balinga. This study on Non-Detriment Findings (NDF) of Common Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in Cameroon was carried out between July 2022 and March 2023. The main objective was to develop a NDF for Hippopotamus amphibius in Cameroon. The methodological approach combined documentary research and interviews with field staff. The compiled dataset was analysed using the Checklist designed by IUCN to assist Scientific Authorities in issuing NDFs. The data compiled on the status of the species in Cameroon reveal that the species taken globally is stable in the country. Among the 25 criteria analysed, 7 have compromising effects on the management regime of the species. Between these 7 criteria, 3 are intrinsic to the species; the other 4 depend on the way the species is managed. Just make a few adjustments and improvements in the species management system and everything will be fine. The radar polygon generated during the analysis of the checklist is in favour of a NDF of the common hippopotamus of Cameroon. Although it has been demonstrated that the trade will not harm the species, efforts are still needed at the national level to correct the weaknesses identified during the analysis. Recommendations have been made to reduce the effects of the 7 factors that, in the long term, can make the hippo trade in Cameroon represent a threat to the survival of the species.
Trabajo académico
Enforcement actions against illegal trade of Paubrasilia echinata: revealing frauds in Brazil's bow making industry
(Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2025) Guimarães, Felipe Bernardino; Guimarães, Felipe Bernardino
Trabajo de Fin de Máster de Formación Permanente en Gestión y Conservación de Especies en Comercio: El Marco Internacional (2023/24). Tutora: Dra. Margarita África Clemente Muñoz. Paubrasilia echinata has been considered endangered in Brazil since 1992 and since September 2007, included in Appendix II of CITES with annotation #10. After Federal Decree No. 750/1993, the exploitation of this species, endemic to the Atlantic Forest, has been formally prohibited in natural fragments in the country. However, the bow making industry uses it as the main raw material for making violin, viola, cello, and double bass bows. Although substitute species have been researched, none have been found with physical and mechanical properties equal to those of Pernambuco. Bows made from this species reach remarkably high values on the international market, especially in the United States of America and Europe, and are used by orchestras and musicians all over the world. Commercial exploitation involving Paubrasilia echinata over the last 25 years is strongly connected to the stringed instrument bow industry. Reviewing the administrative cases that IBAMA processed in this interstice, this thesis sought to put together the pieces of the puzzle by analyzing the data in an integrated way, highlighting the scheme of fraud and environmental illicit activities involved in this exploration, by demonstrating that the offenders act organized and in collusion over the last few decades to launder illegal wood, taking advantage of weaknesses in environmental legislation and the control systems of state and federal agencies. The main administrative infractions detected by IBAMA's environmental inspection are reported based on information contained in the citations, seizures and embargos terms, and inspection reports, as well as in the technical notes and reports issued by state agencies, available in the IBAMA administrative cases. The offenses and frauds were grouped according to the types of infractions pointed out in the reports, notes and fines: fraud in declared origin, illicits on transportation, storage of raw material without proven origin, illegalities in the commerce of bow blanks and finished bows, frauds involving donations, illegal logging in protected areas, embargo, suspension of activities and failure to compliance with Brazilian laws and procedures and obstruction of the work of public agencies. The descriptions of the cases and the discussions presented reveal the point of view of the environmental authorities expressed in the available documents as understood by the author of this thesis. After Operation Dó Ré Mi that started in 2018, a complex mechanism of laundering illegal wood from Bahia that fed the music industry in recent decades became evident. This scheme disguised the legality of thousands of bows made with illegally sourced wood, mainly from southern Bahia, which are now available for commerce in the international bows market.